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Decoupling bulk and surface characteristics with a bare tilted fiber Bragg grating

Zhihong Li, Fei Wang, Yanan Wang, Xinxin Jin, Yanmin Duan, and Haiyong Zhu

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

The tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) with dense comb-like resonances offers a promising fiber-optic sensing platform but could suffer from cross sensitivity dependent on bulk and surface environment. In this work, the decoupling of bulk and surface characteristics (indicated by bulk refractive index (RI) and surface-localized binding film) from each other is attained theoretically with a bare TFBG sensor. This is realized with the proposed decoupling approach based on differential spectral responses of cut-off mode resonance and mode dispersion represented as wavelength interval between P- and S-polarized resonances of the TFBG to the bulk RI and surface film thickness. The results demonstrate that with this method the sensing performance for decoupling bulk RI and surface film thickness is comparative to the cases in which either the bulk or surface environment of the TFBG sensor changes, with the bulk and surface sensitivities over 540 nm/RIU and 12 pm/nm, respectively.

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Configuration and principle: (a) initial state of bare TFBG for reference, (b) cut-off mode shift for sensing bulk RI, (c) enhanced mode dispersion for sensing surface-localized binding layer, and (d) cut-off mode shift and enhanced mode dispersion for decoupling bulk and surface characteristics. The gray lines in (b) and (d) correspond to initial state in (a) for reference. The symbol $\nearrow$ means the increasing of variable.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Spectral characteristics and sensing performance of bare TFBG to surrounding RI: (a) spectral evolution of P-polarized transmission with surrounding RI, (b) spectral evolution of S-polarized transmission with surrounding RI, (c) sensing performance evaluated with wavelength shift of cut-off mode, (d) evolution of wavelength interval between P- and S-polarized resonance bands marked in (a) and (b) with surrounding RI, (e) evolution of effective refractive index with surrounding RI, and (f) evolution of effective index interval between P- and S-polarized modes with surrounding RI.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Spectral characteristics and sensing performance of bare TFBG to surface-localized binding layer at surrounding RI of 1.315: (a) spectral evolution of P- and S-polarized transmission with surface film thickness, (b) wavelength shift of specific resonances marked in (a), (c) sensing performance to surface film thickness evaluated with wavelength interval between P- and S-polarized modes, (d) evolution of effective refractive index with surface film thickness, and (e) evolution of effective index interval between P- and S-polarized modes with surface film thickness.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Mechanism for decoupling bulk and surface characteristics with differential spectral response of bare TFBG sensor. Var: variables, Res: results, ref: reference, P/S: P- or S-polarization, $\nearrow$: increasing of variables, $\searrow$: decreasing of variables.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Decoupling bulk and surface characteristics: (a) spectral evolution of P- and S-polarized transmission with bulk RI and surface film thickness, (b) sensing performance to bulk RI evaluated with differential wavelength shift of cut-off mode, and (c) sensing performance to surface-localized binding layer evaluated with differential wavelength interval between P- and S-polarized modes.

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Equations (1)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

λ c o = 2 n e f f , c o Λ λ c l i = ( n e f f , c o + n e f f , c l i ) Λ
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