Steady-state characteristics and transient response of MgZnO-based metal-semiconductor-metal solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector with three types of electrode structures

Ping Wang; Qinghong Zhen; Qing Tang; Yintang Yang; Lixin Guo; Kai Ding; Feng Huang

doi:10.1364/OE.21.018387

1. Introduction

In recent years, solar-blind photodetectors (SBPDs) have drawn a great deal of interest because of their wide applications in missile warning, flame monitoring and near-Earth communication [1–3]. MgZnO, with a large tunable band-gap energy (3.3-7.8eV) [4,5], high radiation hardness [6] and low growth temperature [7], is a promising material for fabricating SBPDs. In contrast to p-n, p-i-n and Schottky structures, metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors [8–10] are a prior choice for photodetectors due to their lower intrinsic capacitance and suitability for monolithic integration. At present, there have been a number of experimental reports on MgZnO-based MSM photodetectors for ultraviolet (UV) applications [11–13]. Unfortunately, optical losses including reflection and electrode shadowing lead to low responsivity and external quantum efficiency. So far, some studies have been carried out to improve the performance of MSM photodetectors such as utilizing ZnO or SrTiO3 buffer layer [14] and fabricating a device with a heterojunction [15]. In addition, K.-W. Ang et al. adopted novel Schottky barrier enhancement layer to reduce the dark current and achieve a good spectral response and quantum efficiency [16,17]. K. Lee et al. proposed an unactivated cap layer and transparent indium tin oxide structure to obtain a lower noise level and a higher normalized detectivity [18]. D. Crouse et al. presented a theoretical analysis on the various electromagnetic resonance effects (Horizontal surface plasmons, Cavity modes, ‘hybrid’ modes) in MSM photodetector [19]. After that, they studied the various optical modes including horizontal surface plasmons (HSPs), vertical surface resonances (VSRs), Wood–Rayleigh anomalies (WRs), Fabry–Perot cavity resonances (FPCRs), and diffracted modes in MSM-PD to enhance the bandwidth and responsivity [20–22]. Compared with those methods mentioned above, novel electrode structures such as semicircular and triangular electrodes may provide an alternative solution to improve the optoelectronic performance of MgZnO-based MSM detector. Up to now, new types of electrode structures have been applied to GaN and SiC-based MSM detectors [23,24]. However, a systematic investigation of different electrode structures on the steady-state characteristics and transient response of MgZnO-based MSM detectors is still not available.

In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical simulation program for MgZnO-based MSM ultraviolet (UV) detector is developed based on traditional drift-diffusion model. Poisson’s equation is solved coupling with time-dependent continuity equations for electrons and holes. Numerical simulation and experimental data of conventional electrode MSM detector were compared to demonstrate the accuracy of the model. The steady-state and transient photocurrents variation of semicircular and triangular electrode MSM detectors are discussed in detail based on the physical model. The results indicate that the triangular and semicircular electrode detectors have an outstanding superiority over conventional MSM detector, and are suitable for optoelectronic integrated circuits applications.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the structure and fabrication process of the MgZnO-based MSM photodetector are briefly described. The physical model for our simulation is introduced in Section 3. Section 4, the theoretical and experimental results of the devices are presented and discussed. Finally, our conclusion is given in Section 5.

2. Device fabrication

The basic layout of MgZnO-based MSM photodetector is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). A 0.1 µm Mg_0.5Zn_0.5O layer was deposited on glass substrate by Radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method. The MSM structure photodetector was fabricated on this MgZnO film according to the following procedure: A top 0.2 µm Au layer was evaporated onto the MgZnO film. Interdigitated finger electrodes were obtained through conventional photolithography, metal evaporation and lift-off techniques. The finger is 3 $μ m$ in width, 300 $μ m$ in length and the spacing between the fingers is 4 µm. The optical sensitive area of the photodetector is 200×300 µm². Current-voltage characteristics of the fabricated detector were measured by using a Keithley 6514 high resistance electrometer. The photoresponse of the photodetector was measured by using a Xe lamp and a monochromator.

Fig. 1 (a) Layout of basic MSM structure (b) Unit cells of conventional, semicircular and triangular electrodes structure

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3. Model description

The unit cells of conventional, semicircular and triangular electrode MSM photodetectors for simulation are shown in Fig. 1(b). To understand the realistic behavior of carries and electric fields in MSM PDs, the coupled Poisson’s equation and time-dependent continuity equations are solved on a two dimensional domain [25,26], which are listed as follows:

\frac{\partial^{2} φ (x, y, t)}{\partial x^{2}} + \frac{\partial^{2} φ (x, y, t)}{\partial y^{2}} = - \frac{e}{ε} [p (x, y, t) - n (x, y, t) + N_{D}^{+} - N_{A}^{-}]

\frac{\partial n (x, y, t)}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{e} (\frac{\partial J_{n} (x, y, t)}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial J_{n} (x, y, t)}{\partial y}) + G_{n} (x, y, t) - R_{n} (x, y, t)

\frac{\partial p (x, y, t)}{\partial t} = - \frac{1}{e} (\frac{\partial J_{p} (x, y, t)}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial J_{p} (x, y, t)}{\partial y}) + G_{p} (x, y, t) - R_{p} (x, y, t)

The currents densities which can be expressed as a sum of diffusion and drift components are given by

J_{n x} (x, y, t) = e μ_{n} n (x, y, t) E_{n x} (x, y, t) + e D_{n} \frac{\partial n (x, y, t)}{\partial x}

J_{n y} (x, y, t) = e μ_{n} n (x, y, t) E_{n y} (x, y, t) + e D_{n} \frac{\partial n (x, y, t)}{\partial y}

J_{p x} (x, y, t) = e μ_{p} p (x, y, t) E_{p x} (x, y, t) - e D_{p} \frac{\partial p (x, y, t)}{\partial x}

J_{p y} (x, y, t) = e μ_{p} p (x, y, t) E_{p y} (x, y, t) - e D_{p} \frac{\partial p (x, y, t)}{\partial y}

where, φ is the electrostatic potential, t is the time, e is the electron charge, ε is the permittivity of the semiconductors, n and p are the concentration for the electron and hole, E is the electric field,

N_{D}^{+}

and

N_{A}^{-}

are the concentrations for donor and acceptor,

J_{n}

and

J_{p}

are the electron and hole densities,

μ_{n}

and

μ_{p}

are the electron and hole mobility, respectively,

D_{n}

and

D_{p}

are the diffusion constants of electron and hole.

The Shockley-Hall-Read model is used to simulate the generation-recombination process of the carriers. The optical generation rate with the consideration of the thickness of the active region can be given as

G = \frac{P_{o p t}}{h ν} \frac{s}{s + w} (1 - r) α (λ) \exp (- α (λ) d)

where,

P_{o p t}

is the injected optical power,

h ν

denotes the photon energy,

s

is the electrode spacing and

w

is the electrode wide,

r

expresses Fresnel losses,

d

is the thickness of the active region. The absorption coefficient

α (λ)

obtained from the experimental data [27] varies strongly with the optical wavelength.

A schematic view of light reflection by semicircular and triangular electrodes is shown in Fig. 2. It is seen that a fraction of the incident light rays are reflected back to the MgZnO photosensitive area $P P^{'}$ by two novel electrodes, which is equivalent to increase the effective incident light. The deep analyses of the MSM Schottky barrier photodetector in our work are based on the qualitative theoretical study of GaN-based photoconductive UV PDs [23]. Here, we assume the incident light rays illuminating the detector are parallel. For triangular electrode, the light rays reflected to $P P^{'}$ are also parallel. If the reflected ray from point $Q$ just reaches point $P^{'}$ , all the rays reflected by surface $Q P$ of the electrode can reach $P P^{'}$ , which is also applicable to surface $Q^{'} P^{'}$ due to the symmetry of the electrode. According to the reflection law and geometrical relationship, we can get

β = θ

2 β + (90^{°} - γ) = 180^{°}

\frac{\tan γ}{\tan θ} = \frac{h / (n + 1) a}{h / a} = \frac{1}{n + 1}

where,

θ

is the inclined angle of

Q P

,

β

is the angle of reflection,

γ

is the angle between reflected light and surface

P P^{'}

,

a

is half of the electrode width and

h

denotes the electrode height,

n

is the ratio of electrode spacing to half of the electrode width.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of light reflection by (a) semicircular electrode, (b) triangular electrode

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Substituting Eq. (9) and Eq. (10) into Eq. (11) results in

\cos θ = \sqrt{(n - 1) / 2 n}

η = \frac{2 a}{n a} = \frac{2}{n}

where,

η

is defined as the ratio of the enhanced optical power due to the reflection of triangular electrode to the original optical power without electrode reflection.

Similarly, for semicircular electrode, we can obtain

\cos θ = \frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + 8 {(n + 1)}^{2}}}{4 (n + 1)}

η = \frac{2 a (1 - \cos θ)}{n a} = \frac{2 (1 - \cos θ)}{n}

Based on Eq. (8), which is used to describe the optical generation rate of the conventional device, the new optical generation rate

G^{'}

can be achieved considering the contribution from the semicircular or triangular electrode reflection, which is derived as

G^{'} = (1 + η) G

Then, the expression of

G^{'}

is substituted into the time-dependent continuity Eqs. (2) and (3), the influences of novel electrode structures on the characteristics of MSM photodetector can be achieved after solving coupled Eqs. (1)–(7) along with the proper boundary conditions on a uniform two dimensional mesh. For the surface and both sides of the analyzed region, Newman conditions are applied. The Dirichlet boundary condition of potential at the Schottky contacts is expressed as

φ = φ_{b} + φ_{a p p} - φ_{s}

where,

φ_{b}

is the built-in potential,

φ_{a p p}

is the bias voltage applied to the contacts, and

φ_{s}

is the Schottky barrier height. Based on the thermionic emission and diffusion theory of Sze [28], the boundary conditions for current density at the Schottky contacts are

J_{n} = - e v_{n} (n - n_{0})

J_{p} = e v_{p} (p - p_{0})

where,

v_{n}

and

v_{p}

are the electron and hole recombination velocities,

n_{0}

and

p_{0}

are the equilibrium carrier concentration for electron and hole at the Schottky contacts, respectively.

The finite difference method is adopted to the discretization of the Poisson’s equation, currents densities and continuity equations. The discretizated Poisson’s equation is solved using the Gaussian elimination method and then the distribution of potential is achieved. The electric field $E$ is calculated in each mesh point using the formula

E = - \nabla φ

The current densities

J_{n}

and

J_{p}

are derived from the Eqs. (4)–(7). After that, the electron and hole concentrations at every time step are obtained from Eq. (21) and Eq. (22). The expressions are

n (x, y, t + Δ t) = n (x, y, t) + [\nabla \cdot J_{n} (x, y, t) + G_{n} (x, y, t) - R_{n} (x, y, t)] \cdot Δ t

p (x, y, t + Δ t) = p (x, y, t) + [\nabla \cdot J_{p} (x, y, t) + G_{p} (x, y, t) - R_{p} (x, y, t)] \cdot Δ t

The iteration process stops after a sufficient number of iterations when close to the equilibrium state.

4. Results and discussion

Figure 3 presents the measured dark characteristics of the detector. It can be seen that the dark current increases with the increasing of voltage and the detector shows a breakdown voltage up to 160V. The simulated dark current characteristics of MgZnO photodetector are in a good agreement with experimental data when a bias lower than 12V, as shown in the inset of Fig. 3. For the bias higher than 12V, the discrepancy between calculations and experimental data may be related to an idealization of numerical model with only the SRH combination considered and constant mobility adopted. Under 10V bias, the dark current of MgZnO detector is much smaller than that of ZnO detector. The lower dark current benefits from the large band gap of MgZnO [29]. Figure 4 plots the calculated responsivity and the corresponding experimental data of MgZnO detector at 3V bias voltage, from which it can be observed they show excellent consistency in the UV range of 230-400 nm. The peak responsivity is 4.73 mA/W at 266 nm, and the cutoff wavelength is about 285 nm. The rejection ratio is over two orders, indicating a good signal-to-noise ratio of the detector. The reason for the relatively low responsivity of our device may be the smaller bias voltage of the detector and the thinner MgZnO epilayer which produces less photogenerated carriers because of insufficient photoabsorption. All in all, comparisons of the simulations and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our present model.

Fig. 3 Measured dark current of the detector, the inset shows comparison of simulated dark current of conventional electrode ZnO and MgZnO MSM photodetector with experimental data.

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Fig. 4 Comparison of calculated responsivity with experimental data under 3V bias.

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To investigate the internal electric field inner the device, simulations on conventional electrode MSM photodetector were performed. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) illustrate the distributionof longitudinal and transversal components of electric field $E_{y}$ and $E_{x}$ respectively. It is observed that $E_{y}$ and $E_{x}$ is symmetrically distributed due to uniform potential drop between the anode and cathode. Both two components of the electric field are notably larger at the corner of the two adjacent contacts and decay into the rest of the MSM structure. Because the electric field always points toward the contacts, the longitudinal component is positive near both contacts, while the transverse component changes polarity from one contact to the other. This occurrence has been found by other authors on GaAs and InP/GaInAs-based MSM detectors [30,31].

Fig. 5 Electric field distribution at 3 V applied voltage

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A group of photocurrent-voltage ( $I - V$ ) characteristics for three kinds of MgZnO MSM detectors under illumination at 260nm are shown in Fig. 6. The curves exhibit two distinct operating regions, referred to as the photoconductive region and saturation region respectively. It can be found that for all kinds of detectors the current increases sharply under lower bias in the photoconductive region. With the increasing of applied voltage, the photocurrent achieves saturation and remains constant. Furthermore, the finger spacing is wider, the photocurrent of conventional electrode detector at a given bias is larger. It is seen that the photocurrent increases from 12.19 nA to 17.41 nA when the finger spacing increases from 2 $μ m$ to 5 $μ m$ . In contrast to the conventional electrode detector, the photocurrents of new types of electrode devices are much larger with the same spacing. The photocurrents and the corresponding responsivity are 14.69 nA, 0.317A/W and 24.37 nA, 0.515 A/W, for semicircular and triangular electrode detectors with 2 $μ m$ finger spacing, respectively. This is due to the fact that under the same illumination the novel electrode structures will redirect some fraction of the incident ultraviolet beams to photosensitive area to increase the photocurrent. These results indicate that the electrode structure plays an important role in the device performance.

Fig. 6 Photocurrent curves of the MSM PDs with 2 $μ m$ finger width, different electrode structures and finger spacing (a) $s = 2 μ m$ , (b) $s = 3 μ m$ , (c) $s = 4 μ m$ ,(d) $s = 5 μ m$

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Based on the same physical model and illumination condition, the electron, hole and total photocurrents for conventional electrode device are shown in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) at 3V bias voltage. It can be seen that the electron current decrease approximately exponentially with the variation of time. Compared with electron current, the hole current is very small and almost remains constant. Thus the total current is a little bit larger and looks much like the electron current. In this region, the electrons with higher drift velocity are collected quite quickly whereas holes collected much slowly. It is also seen that smaller finger spacing leads to more steeply decreased current and as a result shorter fall time is obtained. Hence the electrode spacing has a significant influence on the transit time for photogenerated carriers moving to the finger.

Fig. 7 Electron, hole and total photocurrent for conventional electrode device: (a) $w = 2 μ m,$ $s = 2 μ m$ , (b) $w = 2 μ m, s = 3 μ m$ ; Total photocurrent of different electrode detectors: (c) $w = 2 μ m, s = 2 μ m$ , (d) $w = 2 μ m, s = 3 μ m$

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The influences of various contact electrode structures on transient response of MgZnO MSM detectors with finger spacing of 2 $μ m$ and 3 $μ m$ are illustrated in Figs. 7(c) and 7(d). In each subplot, it is found that the peak photocurrents of novel electrode detectors are larger compared with the corresponding conventional electrode device. This is due to the fact that more reflected ultraviolet beams for semicircular and triangular electrode detectors can reach the photosensitive area. It is also found that three kinds of detectors have the same fall time in their response currents. Hence, the electrode structure is not the main factor affecting the fall time of the detector.

As can be seen, the semicircular and triangular electrodes can obviously enhance the photocurrents compared to the conventional electrode. From our simulation, the triangular electrode outperforms the semicircular electrode. However, as far as the fabrication process is concerned, the latter may be simpler. For semicircular electrode, based on the manufacturing process of rectangular electrode, making the cross-sectional area of the rectangular electrode equal to that of the semicircular electrode and keeping a good control of the thickness, we increase the temperature to the melting point of the electrode metal to make it melt. Then, the shape of the electrode would become semi-cylindrical automatically under the action of surface tension. But for triangular electrode, the fabrication process is more complex. The vacuum evaporation technique with two photo-resist layers of different photosensitivity could be adopted in which the triangular electrode can be formed by the metal deposition through “eaves” edge structure with very precise control of the thickness and gap width. Based on the above considerations, accurate shape and profile control for the two novel electrodes would be the key technology for further work.

5. Conclusion

In summary, we present theoretical and experimental analysis of MgZnO solar-blind MSM photodetector. The longitudinal and transversal distribution of the electric field and the current characteristics of the detector are calculated. By direct comparing the calculations with experimental data of conventional electrode device, the validity of our model is verified. Afterwards, the steady-state photocurrents and transient response of the detectors with different electrode structures are investigated. Both steady-state and transient results confirm that the semicircular and triangular electrode photodetectors can enhance the photocurrents obviously compared with conventional electrode device. For semicircular and triangular electrode devices, the steady-state photocurrents are 14.69 nA and 24.37 nA, the transient peak currents are 31.38 nA and 52.09 nA, respectively, both of them are larger than that of conventional device. The results indicate that the semicircular and triangular electrode MSM photodetectors are proper and promising candidates for optoelectronic integrated circuits applications.

Acknowledgments

Project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation (Grant No. 201104 659), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20100481322), the Foundation of State Key Lab on Integrated Service Networks (Grant No. ISN1003006), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. K50511010023).

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Steady-state characteristics and transient response of MgZnO-based metal-semiconductor-metal solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector with three types of electrode structures

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Device fabrication

3. Model description

4. Results and discussion

5. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References and links

Cited By

Figures (7)

Equations (22)

Optics Express